Newsroom – Page 3 – Australian Friends of Tel Aviv University

Cotler Fellows Make a Difference

Written by Hilary on 25 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

TAU international students fight antisemitism globally

In the wake of October 7th and the ensuing war, Jewish communities around the world are experiencing a troubling surge in antisemitism, while Israelis find it increasingly difficult to advocate for the country on the international stage. One timely Tel Aviv University initiative, the Irwin Cotler Fellowship Program, is actively helping by providing key academic and practical knowledge to international students to counter anti-Jewish and anti-Israel sentiment in their home countries.

Since its inception, about 60 alumni of the program are now Israel’s goodwill ambassadors around the world, including students from Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Morocco, Turkey, Portugal, Nigeria, New Zealand, India, Belgium and more.

Each year, the program brings together 20 international students for weekly lectures and projects. They explore universal issues related to human rights and democracy; discuss Israeli society, history, diversity, and challenges; and attend field trips to communities and historical sites across the country. The Cotler Fellows is the flagship program of TAU’s Irwin Cotler Institute, founded in 2022 to advance instruction, training, and policy-oriented research on human rights, democracy, justice, and the fight against antisemitism and racism at large.

Says Prof. Uriya Shavit, Head of the Cotler Institute: “Fellows are exposed to a variety of viewpoints and encouraged to explore the issues independently and critically. We then
equip them with public speaking and grassroots organizational skills so that they can deliver workshops in their language to influential groups at home – such as the police, municipal leaders, sports coaches, and the like.”

Educating via Workshops

Indeed, Irwin Cotler Fellows are required to initiate, organize, and lead an international workshop, utilizing the knowledge and skills they gained in the program. Although the 2023-2024 academic year has been particularly complicated, that did not stop Cotler fellows from carrying out their missions. Ari Spielman, a 2024 Cotler Fellow from the United States who studied Environmental Studies at TAU, prepared a lecture about social movements in Israel following October 7th.

“I gave my presentation at my alma mater, SUNY Albany, in New York. I was worried about giving the talk initially. The University Student Union had just passed a BDS bill, the first in the SUNY system. Yet in the end, we still had a good turnout, with no issues. I felt very confident with how I was able to present the information and convey what has been occurring in Israel in an understandable way to the audience,” Spielman explains.

“My time as a Cotler fellow helped me improve my public speaking, and ability to efficiently share information. I am very grateful for having been given the opportunity to do the presentation,” he adds.

Some of the other Cotler Fellows’ workshops were conducted online and are posted on the Institute’s website and on YouTube. Here are a few examples:

Master student in Security & Diplomacy Julie Jakobsgaard (Denmark) – Antisemitism: Its Development and Present State in Denmark
Dental medicine student Joshua G. Cardenas (United States) – Balancing Tech Innovation & Ethics During Times of Crisis
Post-doc Dr. Mrinal Kashyap (India) – Israel-India Relations and Antisemitism Awareness
Law student Veronica Pana Igube (Nigeria) – Strategies for Combating Online Hate

Other workshops given by Fellows this year included: Anna Balogh (Hungary) on environmental peacebuilding and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; Gülsen Aşam (Turkey) on the Syrian refugee crisis and the response of the Turkish government; Akman Sofuoğlu (Turkey) on Israel and misconceptions about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; and Dacha Azelmad (Morocco) on preserving Jewish memory in Morocco.

“It has been an incredibly enriching experience for me. The insightful discussions and collaborative projects have broadened my understanding of key issues and made me closer to the Jewish culture and to Israel,” says Dacha Azelmad from Morocco, a 2024 Cotler Fellow who studied for an MA in Security and Diplomacy.

“I feel more equipped and inspired to contribute meaningfully to these important conversations in the future, and I am very grateful for this opportunity. Hopefully, my engagement does not stop here!” she adds.

Alumni in ActionBeyond the mandatory workshops, in the wake of the October 7 attack, graduates of the Cotler Fellowship program chose to not remain silent and used their new skills and knowledge to engage in pro-Israel action around the world.
In May 2024, 2023 Cotler Fellow Nathaniel Myking Udjus organized a support rally for Israel and against antisemitism in his hometown of Grimstad, Norway, together with several local political parties and political organizations. The rally drew over 500 participants from Southern Norway, who expressed their support for Israel and disagreement with the Norwegian government’s policies.

Nathaniel Myking Udjus speaking at an Israel support rally he organized in his hometown of Grimstad, Norway

Nathanial’s classmate Maia Bornsztein participated in numerous pro-Israel demonstrations that have been held in Argentina. Working with her colleagues, Maia has organized and participated in conferences on Israel and the war at local schools, universities, and more than twenty Jewish community institutions, as well as making online informative videos. Furthermore, as a member of the Latin American Jewish Congress, she has been very active in its social media campaigns, generating positive content about Jewish communities around the world and attending meetings with public officials to find common areas to build solidarity against antisemitism.

Other 2023 alumni similarly reached out. Rafael Nabizade moderated a webinar addressing how Israel and Azerbaijan are confronting Iranian-backed religious terrorism. Aryo Brahmantyo lobbied Indonesian media to cover the situation in a more balanced manner, providing video footage to raise awareness about the atrocities committed by Hamas.

Cotler Fellow Aryo Brahmantyo appearing on Indonesian television

Markus McCraith, Cotler Fellow in the 2024 cohort, initiated and helped organize a Cotler Institute ten-day series of seminars and public lectures in his home country of New Zealand. Senior members of the Jewish communities hailed the lectures and seminars as exceptionally empowering and informative and noted that the tour raised awareness among government agencies about the reality of antisemitism and helped establish new channels for communication and cooperation with the government.

“The Irwin Cotler Fellowship Program has truly been a once-in-a-lifetime experience for me,” McCraith says.

Justice, Justice Shall You Pursue

The Irwin Cotler Institute celebrates and advances the legacy of one of the greatest and most respected Canadian jurists and human rights champions in our time, Prof. Irwin Cotler, who is one of the lecturers at the Fellowship Program and also a TAU Governor and Honorary Doctor. “I hope that through our students we’ll create a critical mass of advocacy on behalf of the Jewish people and that Tel Aviv University will be at the forefront of that involvement,” he said at the Institute’s opening.

Hon. Irwin Cotler with wife Daniella at the TAU Canada Gala (photo: TAU Canada)

Prof. Cotler’s life and legacy were recently celebrated by our Tel Aviv University supporters in Montreal, Canada with 550 guests, family, and friends. “We paid tribute to an extraordinary person, who has dedicated his life and career to making the world a better place,” said the head of TAU Canada Montreal chapter Sharon J. Fraenkel, quoting former Canadian Supreme Court Justice Rosie Abella, who said, “We are all better people today because of Irwin”.

Nasal Spray Revolutionizes COVID Protection

Written by Hilary on 21 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

Researchers created an affordable, needle-free nasal spray COVID-19 vaccine.

A breakthrough in vaccine development: Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro’s lab at TAU’s Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences collaborated with Professor Helena Florindo’s lab at the University of Lisbon to produce a novel nano-vaccine for COVID-19. The nano-vaccine, a 200-nanometer particle, trains the immune system against all common COVID-19 variants, just as effectively as existing vaccines. Moreover, unlike other vaccines, it is conveniently administered as a nasal spray and does not require a cold supply chain or ultra-cold storage. These unique features pave the way to vaccinating 3rd-world populations, as well as the development of simpler, more effective, and less expensive vaccines in the future. The revolutionary study was featured on the cover of the prestigious journal Advanced Science.

Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro.

Prof. Satchi-Fainaro explains: “The new nano-vaccine’s development was inspired by a decade of research on cancer vaccines. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, we set a new goal: training our cancer platform to identify and target the coronavirus. Unlike Moderna and Pfizer, we did not rely on full protein expression via mRNA. Instead, using our computational bioinformatics tools, we identified two short and simple amino acid sequences in the virus’s protein, synthesized them, and encapsulated them in nanoparticles”. Eventually, this nano-vaccine proved effective against all major variants of COVID-19, including Beta, Delta, Omicron, etc.

“Our nano-vaccine offers a significant advantage over existing vaccines because it is needle-free and administered as a nasal spray,” notes Prof. Satchi-Fainaro. “This eliminates the need for skilled personnel such as nurses and technicians to administer injections, reducing contamination risks and sharp waste. Anyone can use a nasal spray, with no prior training”.

Room-Temperature Storage, Same Effectiveness

Another major advantage of the revolutionary nano-vaccine is its minimal storage requirements. Moderna’s sensitive mRNA-based vaccine must be kept at -20°C and Pfizer’s at -70°C, generating great logistic and technological challenges, such as shipping in special aircraft and ultra-cold storage – from the factory to the vaccination station. Prof. Satchi-Fainaro’s novel synthetic nanoparticles are far more durable and can be stored as a powder at room temperature. “There’s no need for freezing or special handling,” she says. “You just mix the powder with saline to create the spray. For testing purposes, as part of the EU’s ISIDORe (Integrated Services for Infectious Disease Outbreak Research feasibility program), we shipped the powder at room temperature to the INSERM infectious diseases lab in France. Their tests showed that our nano-vaccine is at least as effective as Pfizer’s vaccine”.

These important advantages—ease of nasal administration and regular storage and shipping — pave the way towards vaccinating at-risk populations in low-income countries and remote regions, which existing vaccines are unable to reach. Moreover, the novel platform opens the door for quickly synthesizing even more effective and affordable vaccines for future pandemics. “This is a plug-and-play technology,” explains Prof. Satchi-Fainaro. “It can train the immune system to fight cancer or infectious diseases like COVID-19. We are currently expanding its use to target a range of additional diseases, enabling the rapid development of relevant new vaccines when needed”.

The groundbreaking project has received competitive research grants from the Israel Innovation Authority and Merck under the Nofar program, as well as funding from Spain’s “La Caixa” Foundation Impulse as an accelerated program, and support from the ISIDORe feasibility program. It is also part of a broader vaccine platform development program at Professor Satchi-Fainaro’s lab, supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant.

Is There a Way to Stop Parkinson’s Disease at Its Source?

Written by Hilary on 14 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

TAU Researchers discovered a potential new target for developing effective treatments for Parkinson’s disease.

Researchers at Tel Aviv University discovered a new factor in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease, which in the future may serve as a target for developing new treatments for this terrible ailment, affecting close to 10 million people worldwide.

The researchers: “We found that a variant of the TMEM16F protein, caused by a genetic mutation, enhances the spread of Parkinson’s pathology through nerve cells in the brain”.

The study was led by Dr. Avraham Ashkenazi and PhD student Stav Cohen Adiv Mordechai from the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at TAU’s Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience. Other contributors included: Dr. Orly Goldstein, Prof. Avi Orr-Urtreger, Prof. Tanya Gurevich and Prof. Nir Giladi from TAU’s Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, as well as other researchers from TAU and the University of Haifa. The study was backed by the Aufzien Family Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease at TAU. The paper was published in the scientific journal Aging Cell.

Doctoral student Stav Cohen Adiv Mordechai explains: “A key mechanism of Parkinson’s disease is the aggregation in brain cells of the protein α-synuclein (in the form of Lewy bodies), eventually killing these cells. For many years, researchers have tried to discover how the pathological version of α-synuclein spreads through the brain, affecting one cell after another, and gradually destroying whole brain sections. Since α-synuclein needs to cross the cell membrane to spread, we focused on the protein TMEM16F, a regulator situated in the cell membrane, as a possible driver of this lethal process”.

α-synuclein spread in the mouse brain.

At first, the researchers genetically engineered a mouse model without the TMEM16F gene, and derived neurons from the brains of these mice for an in-vitro cellular model. Using a specially engineered virus, they caused these neurons to express the defective α-synuclein associated with Parkinson’s and compared the results with outcomes from normal brain cells containing TMEM16F. They found that when the TMEM16F gene had been deleted, the α-synuclein pathology spread to fewer healthy neighboring cells compared to the spread from normal cells. The results were validated in-vivo in a living mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.

TMEM16F Mutation Linked to Parkinson’s Risk in Ashkenazi Jews

In addition, in collaboration with the Neurological Institute at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, the researchers looked for mutations (variants) in the TMEM16F gene that might increase the risk for Parkinson’s disease. Dr. Ashkenazi explains: “The incidence of Parkinson’s among Ashkenazi Jews is known to be relatively high, and the Institute conducts a vast ongoing genetic study on Ashkenazi Jews who carry genes increasing the risk for the disease. With their help, we were able to identify a specific TMEM16F mutation which is common in Ashkenazi Jews in general, and in Ashkenazi Parkinson’s patients in particular”. Cells carrying the mutation were found to secrete more pathological α-synuclein compared to cells with the normal gene. The researchers explain that the mechanism behind increased secretion has to do with the biological function of the TMEM16F protein: the mutation increases the activity of TMEM16F, thereby affecting membrane secretion processes.

Stav Cohen Adiv Mordechai: “In our study, we discovered a new factor underlying Parkinson’s disease: the protein TMEM16F, which mediates secretion of the pathological α-synuclein protein through the cell membrane to the cell environment. Picked up by healthy neurons nearby, the defective α-synuclein forms Lewy bodies inside them, and gradually spreads through the brain, damaging more and more brain cells. Our findings mark TMEM16F as a possible new target for the development of effective treatments for Parkinson’s disease. If, by inhibiting TMEM16F, we can stop or reduce the secretion of defective α-synuclein from brain cells, we may be able to slow down or even halt the spread of the disease through the brain”.

Dr. Ashkenazi emphasizes that research on the new Parkinson’s mechanism has only begun, and quite a number of questions still remain to be explored: Does inhibiting TMEM16F actually reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? Does the lipid composition of cell membranes play a part in spreading the disease in the brain? Is there a link between mutations in TMEM16F and the prevalence of Parkinson’s in the population? The research team intends to continue the investigation in these directions and more.

How Does the Brain Keep Calm?

Written by Hilary on 14 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

New Insight into Brain Stability: The Key Role of NMDA Receptors

Researchers at Tel Aviv University have made a fundamental discovery: the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)—long studied primarily for its role in learning and memory—also plays a crucial role in stabilizing brain activity. By setting the “baseline” level for activity in neural networks, the NMDAR helps maintain stable brain function amidst continuous environmental and physiological changes. This discovery may lead to innovative treatments for diseases linked to disrupted neural stability, such as depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy.

The study was led by Dr. Antonella Ruggiero, Leore Heim, and Dr. Lee Susman from Prof. Inna Slutsky’s lab at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences at Tel Aviv University. Prof. Slutsky, who is also affiliated with the Sagol School of Neuroscience, heads the Israeli Society for Neuroscience and directs the Sieratzki Institute for Advances in Neuroscience. Additional researchers included Dr. Ilana Shapira, Dima Hreaky, and Maxim Katsenelson from the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences at Tel Aviv University, and Prof. Kobi Rosenblum from the University of Haifa. The study was published in the prestigious journal Neuron.

“In recent decades, brain research has mainly focused on processes that allow information encoding, memory, and learning, based on changes in synaptic connections between nerve cells”, says Prof. Slutsky.

“But the brain’s fundamental stability, or homeostasis, is essential to support these processes. In our lab, we explore the mechanisms that maintain this stability, and in this study, we focused on the NMDAR—a receptor known to play a role in learning and memory”, Slutsky continues.

This comprehensive project used three primary research methods: electrophysiological recordings from neurons in both cultured cells (in vitro) and living, behaving mice (in vivo) within the hippocampus, combined with computational modeling (in silico). Each approach provided unique insights into how NMDARs contribute to stability in neural networks.

Dr. Antonella Ruggiero studied NMDAR function in cultured neurons using an innovative technique called “dual perturbation”, developed in Prof. Slutsky’s lab. “First, I exposed neurons to ketamine, a known NMDAR blocker”, she explains. “Typically, neuronal networks recover on their own after disruptions, with activity levels gradually returning to baseline due to active compensatory mechanisms. But when the NMDAR was blocked, activity levels stayed low and didn’t recover. Then, with the NMDAR still blocked, I introduced a second perturbation by blocking another receptor. This time, the activity dropped and recovered as expected, but to a new, lower baseline set by ketamine, not the original level”. This finding reveals the NMDAR as a critical factor in setting and maintaining the activity baseline in neuronal networks. It suggests that NMDAR blockers may impact behavior not only through synaptic plasticity but also by altering homeostatic set points.

Building on this discovery, Dr. Ruggiero sought to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind the NMDAR’s role in tuning the set point. She identified that NMDAR activity enables calcium ions to activate a signaling pathway called eEF2K-BDNF, previously linked to ketamine’s antidepressant effects.

How NMDARs Set the Brain’s Activity Baseline

Leore Heim investigated whether the NMDAR similarly affects baseline activity in the hippocampus of living animals. A major technical challenge was administering an NMDAR blocker directly to the hippocampus without affecting other brain areas, while recording long-term activity at the individual neuron level. “Previous studies often used injections that delivered NMDAR blockers across the entire brain, leading to variable and sometimes contradictory findings,” he explains. “To address this, I developed a method combining direct drug infusion into the hippocampus with long-term neural activity recording in the same region. This technique revealed a consistent decrease in hippocampal activity across states like wakefulness and sleep, with no compensatory recovery as seen with other drugs. This strongly supports that NMDARs set the activity baseline in hippocampal networks in living animals”.

Mathematician Dr. Lee Susman created computational models to answer a longstanding question: Is brain stability maintained at the level of the entire neural network, or does each neuron individually stabilize itself? “Based on the data from Antonella and Leore’s experiments, I found that stability is maintained at the network level, not within single neurons,” he explains. “Using models of neural networks, I showed that averaging activity across many neurons provides computational benefits, including noise reduction and enhanced signal propagation. However, we need to better understand the functional significance of single-neuron drift in future studies”.

Prof. Slutsky adds: “We know that ketamine blocks NMDARs, and in 2008, it was FDA-approved as a rapid-acting treatment for depression. Unlike typical antidepressants like Cipralex and Prozac, ketamine acts immediately by blocking NMDARs. However, until now, it wasn’t fully understood how the drug produced its antidepressant effects. Our findings suggest that ketamine’s actions may stem from this newly discovered role of NMDAR: reducing the activity baseline in overactive brain regions seen in depression, like the lateral habenula, without interfering with homeostatic processes. This discovery could reshape our understanding of depression and pave the way for developing innovative treatments”.

Eyes Wide Shut: Bats Can Navigate Long Distances Using Sound Alone

Written by Hilary on 12 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

Researchers found that bats can create a mental “sound map” of their environment.

A new study by Tel Aviv University and the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History has proven, for the first time, that bats can navigate in nature over many kilometers using only echolocation, without relying on other senses. The researchers explain: “It’s well-known that bats are equipped with a natural sonar, allowing them to emit sound waves that bounce back from nearby objects, helping them navigate. However, it’s also known that bats use their sense of sight during flight. Laboratory studies have shown that bats can navigate within enclosed spaces using only echolocation — but sonar ‘sees’ only about 10 meters ahead, so what happens under natural conditions, in open areas stretching over many kilometers? Can bats rely solely on echolocation for long-distance navigation?” In this study, that question was explored in depth for the first time.

They Follow the Echo

The research was led by Prof. Yossi Yovel of Tel Aviv University’s School of Zoology, Sagol School of Neuroscience, and Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, along with Dr. Aya Goldshtein, formerly a doctoral student of Prof. Yovel and currently a researcher at the Max Planck Institute in Germany. Additional partners from Tel Aviv University included Prof. Sivan Toledo of the Blavatnik School of Computer Science; Xing Chen, Dr. Eran Amichai, and Dr. Arjan Boonman of the School of Zoology; and Lee Harten of the Sagol School of Neuroscience. Prof. Ran Nathan and Dr. Yotam Orchan of the Hebrew University and Prof. Iain Couzin of the Max Planck Institute in Germany also participated in the study, which was published in the journal Science.

The innovative research carried out over six years, utilized a unique tracking system installed in Israel’s Hula Valley. Using this GPS-like technology, the researchers could track the flight of tiny bats from the species known as Kuhl’s pipistrelle, each weighing only six grams —— the smallest mammal ever to be monitored in this way.

For the study, the researchers collected around 60 bats from their roost in the Hula Valley area and moved them about three kilometers away from the roost — still within their familiar habitat. A tag was attached to each bat, and the eyes of some were covered with a cloth strip, temporarily preventing them from seeing during flight, though they could remove the covering with their feet upon landing. In addition, the researchers employed techniques to temporarily disrupt the bats’ sense of smell and magnetic sense, thereby creating conditions in which they would be able to find their way home using only echolocation. Remarkably, the bats managed to return to their roost without difficulty.

In the second phase, the researchers built a computerized acoustic model of the bats’ natural environment in the Hula Valley. Prof. Yovel explains: “This model is based on a 3D map of the area where the bats navigate, reflecting the echoes that the bat hears as it uses echolocation to journey through its surroundings. In examining the bats’ flight paths, we discovered that they choose routes where the echoes contain a lot of information, which helps them navigate. For example, an area rich in vegetation, such as bushes and trees, returns echoes with more information than an open field, making bats less likely to fly over open terrain. We also found that some areas are characterized by distinct echoes, which are picked up by the bats. These findings strengthened our hypothesis that in any given area, bats know where they are based on the echoes. The bats effectively create an acoustic map in their head of their familiar environment, which includes a variety of active ‘sound landmarks’ (echoes) — just as every sighted person has a visual map of their everyday surroundings”.

פרופ' יוסי יובל

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Promising Treatment for PTSD Symptoms

Written by Hilary on 11 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

Biological damage in PTSD sufferers can be treated with a specialized protocol.

Researchers at Tel Aviv University and the Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research at the Shamir Medical Center have demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) improves the condition of PTSD sufferers who have not responded to psychotherapy or psychiatric medications. The researchers: “Our unique therapeutic protocol affects the biological brain ‘wound’ associated with PTSD, and effectively reduces typical symptoms such as flashbacks, hypervigilance, and irritability. We believe that our findings give new hope to millions of PTSD sufferers and their families, all over the world”.

The study was led by Prof. Shai Efrati and Dr. Keren Doenyas-Barak from the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences at Tel Aviv University and the Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research at the Shamir Medical Center. Other contributors include Dr. Ilan Kutz, Gabriela Levi, Dr. Erez Lang, Dr. Amir Asulin, Dr. Amir Hadanny, and Dr. Ilia Beberashvili from the Shamir Medical Center, and Dr. Kristoffer Aberg and Dr. Avi Mayo from the Weizmann Institute. The paper was published in The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

“At present, we treat hundreds of PTSD sufferers every day”

Prof. Efrati: “Due to our unfortunate circumstances, Israel has become a global leader in the field of PTSD. Before the Hamas attack on Oct. 7, 2023, approximately 6,000 IDF veterans had been recognized as PTSD sufferers, with many others, both soldiers and citizens, not yet acknowledged by the authorities. Following Oct. 7 and the ensuing war, these numbers have risen sharply. Tens of thousands of soldiers, and much larger numbers of civilians, are likely to be diagnosed with PTSD. The world-leading Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, the largest of its kind in the world, is rising to the challenge – with a comprehensive therapeutic array comprising hyperbaric facilities combined with diverse mental health professionals, psychologists and psychiatrists. At present, we treat hundreds of PTSD sufferers every day, aiming to reach one thousand patients per year”.

Dr. Doenyas-Barak: “PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) is defined as the mental outcome of exposure to a life-threatening event. About 20% of those who have undergone such an experience will develop PTSD, which can lead to substantial social, behavioral, and occupational dysfunctions. In extreme cases, the disorder can severely impact their quality of life, family life, and professional performance. Symptoms include a range of emotional and cognitive changes, nightmares and flashbacks, hypervigilance, irritability, and avoidance – so as not to trigger traumatic experiences. In many cases, PTSD is resistant to psychotherapy and common psychiatric medications. Past studies on therapy-resistant sufferers have found changes in the structure and function of brain tissues, or a ‘biological wound’ that explains such treatment resistance. In our study, we wanted to determine whether hyperbaric therapy can help these patients”.

Testing HBOT for PTSD Relief

The study, which began in 2019 and ended in the summer of 2023, included 98 male IDF veterans diagnosed with combat-associated PTSD, who had not responded to either psychotherapy or psychiatric medications. Participants were divided into two groups: one group received HBOT treatment, breathing pure high-pressure oxygen, while the other underwent the same procedure, but received a placebo treatment, breathing regular air. 28 members of each group completed the process and the following evaluation.

Dr. Doenyas-Barak: “The HBOT was administered in accordance with a unique treatment protocol developed at our Center. Every patient is given a series of 60 two-hour treatments in our hyperbaric chamber, during which they are exposed to pure 100% oxygen at a pressure of 2 atmospheres (twice the normal air pressure at sea level). Our protocol specifies alternately breathing oxygen and regular air: every 20 minutes the patient removes the oxygen mask and breathes regular air for five minutes. The drop in oxygen level, at the tissue level, activates healing processes and thus enhances the therapeutic effect”.

Functional MRI before and after HBOT. Photo credit: The Shamir Medical Center.

The results were encouraging, with improvements observed both at the clinical level and in fMRI imaging. The group that received hyperbaric therapy showed improved connectivity in brain networks, alongside a decline in all typical PTSD symptoms. In the placebo group, on the other hand, no change was observed in either the brain or clinical symptoms. Prof. Efrati: “Our study demonstrated that HBOT induces biological healing in the brain of PTSD sufferers. Curing the biological wound also impacts clinical symptoms. We believe that HBOT, based on the special protocol we have developed, can bring relief to numerous PTSD sufferers worldwide, allowing them to resume a normative life in their community and family”.

Prof. Efrati emphasizes:

“Patients suffering from PTSD should undergo HBOT only at professional hyperbaric centers, where treatment is delivered by multidisciplinary teams experienced in trauma care. Unsupervised, private hyperbaric chambers are unable to provide a proven, effective protocol. Additionally, patients must receive a thorough professional evaluation to ensure they are suitable for HBOT and to determine what additional support is needed throughout their treatment journey”.

Israel’s Ministry of Defense funds HBOT for veterans who need it.

Buzzed but Never Tipsy: Hornets’ Remarkable Alcohol Tolerance

Written by Hilary on 10 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

Oriental hornets are the only animals able to drink unlimited amounts of alcohol.

A new study from the School of Zoology and the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History at Tel Aviv University has revealed that the Oriental hornet is the only known animal capable of chronically consuming alcohol in high concentrations with almost no negative effects on its health or lifespan. The research team says, “This is a remarkable animal that shows no signs of intoxication or illness even after ingesting huge amounts of alcohol.”

The research was conducted under the leadership of postdoctoral fellow Dr. Sofia Bouchebti from Prof. Eran Levin’s laboratory at Tel Aviv University’s School of Zoology and the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History. The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS).

The researchers explain that alcohol is commonly produced in nature through the breakdown of sugars by yeasts and bacteria, primarily found in ripe fruits and nectar. Although alcohol contains nearly twice the amount of energy as sugar, it is toxic to most animals — including us humans — with occasional consumption, and especially with chronic use. Among the animals known to consume alcohol are fruit flies, which show signs of alcohol poisoning even at relatively low concentrations, and treeshrews — mammals native to East Asia that feed on ripe, alcohol-rich fruits — who show symptoms such as fatty liver and other effects indicative of alcoholism after consuming low concentrations of alcohol continuously for several days.

As for humans, many of us like consuming alcohol. Humans domesticated the wine grape around 10,000 years ago, and compared to other animals, we can tolerate and often enjoy consuming relatively high amounts of alcohol. However, as we know, alcohol has significant effects on behavior, cognition, and, of course, health, with a host of diseases linked to its consumption.

Hornets Can Handle Their Liquor

In the new study, the research team tested the Oriental hornet’s ability to consume alcohol and break it down. Dr. Bouchebti explains: “The hornets naturally store yeasts in their digestive system, which provides them with a unique environment that allows the yeast to develop and reproduce, creating new strains. One explanation is that hornets transfer yeasts to fruits, which indirectly contributes to the production of wine. In our study, we labeled the alcohol consumed by the hornets with a heavy carbon isotope. As the alcohol is metabolized, it breaks down into carbon dioxide, which is exhaled. By measuring the amount of labeled carbon dioxide emitted, we were able to estimate the speed at which the alcohol was broken down. The findings were surprising; we were amazed to see the rapid rate at which the hornets metabolized the alcohol”.

In the next stage, the researchers sought to determine whether the Oriental hornet ever becomes intoxicated. Does increased alcohol consumption affect their behavior, for example causing aggression or impacting their nest-building abilities? Here too, the findings were surprising: even when consuming high concentrations of alcohol (80 percent alcohol as the sole source of nutrition) there was no noticeable effect on the hornets’ behavior. In the final phase of the study, the researchers tested whether alcohol had any impact on the hornets’ lifespan and health. Once again, they were amazed to discover that no differences were found between the lifespan of hornets that consumed only alcohol for their entire lives (three months) and hornets that consumed sugar water.

No Hangovers Here

Prof. Levin concludes: “To the best of our knowledge, Oriental hornets are the only animal adapted to consuming alcohol as a metabolic fuel. They show no signs of intoxication or illness, even after chronically consuming huge amounts of alcohol, and they eliminate it from their bodies very quickly. In a bioinformatics analysis of the Oriental hornet’s genome, conducted by Prof. Dorothee Huchon, it was discovered that the hornet possesses several copies of the gene responsible for producing the enzyme that breaks down alcohol; this genetic adaptation may be related to their incredible ability to handle alcohol. We propose that the ancient relationship between hornets and yeast led to the development of this adaptation. Furthermore, while alcohol-related research is highly advanced, with 5.3 percent of deaths in the world linked to alcohol consumption, we believe that, following our research, Oriental hornets could potentially be used to develop new models for studying alcoholism and the metabolism of alcohol”.

Chemistry Researchers Awarded Prestigious ERC Synergy Grant

Written by Hilary on 5 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

The European Research Council (ERC) has announced the results of the 2024 ERC Synergy Grant Call. Among the funded projects is an international collaboration, coordinated by Tel Aviv University researchers and titled “Unravelling the Mysteries of Vibrational Strong Coupling” (UNMYST). The prestigious ERC Synergy grants are awarded to leading researchers in their fields across all areas of science, and it is intended to promote groundbreaking interdisciplinary research.

The UNMYST project is an international collaboration between leading experimental and theoretical groups, including Dr. Tal Schwartz and Prof. Sharly Fleisher from the School of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University, Prof. Abraham Nitzan, an emeritus of the School of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University and a Donner Professor of Physical Sciences in University of Pennsylvania, Prof. Thomas Ebbesen and Cyriaque Genet from the University of Strasbourg, France, Prof. Angel Rubio and Dr. Michael Ruggenthaler from the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Germany, and Dr. Dominik Sidler from the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland.

According to the project coordinator Dr. Tal Schwartz, the UNMYST project will explore how tailoring the electromagnetic environment influences chemical and physical processes in molecular systems in the so-called “strong light-matter coupling” regime. The researchers anticipate that the results of the project will establish fundamental insights into such novel phenomena, which will lead to future breakthroughs with far-reaching implications for chemistry and materials sciences.

A Letter from TAU President Welcoming the New Academic Year

Written by Hilary on 3 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

“May the hostages come back, the wounded heal, and the displaced return to their homes”.

This week, we begin the 2024-5 academic year, against the backdrop of the bloody war that rages on, and while we still lack a clear sense of how this war will unfold, particularly in relation to Iran.

The anguish over the hostages weighs heavily on us all. It’s hard to believe that over a year after the horrific disaster of October 7, many hostages are still languishing in the hellish tunnels of Gaza, with the bodies of many others held there as bargaining chips. We cannot win this war without bringing everyone home. Added to this is the daily sorrow and mourning for our soldiers, including members of our university community, who have fallen or been injured while defending us, as well as for the civilians who have fallen victim to terrorist acts across Israel. Our concern for the soldiers on the front lines and the tens of thousands of Israelis in the South and North–who either remain vulnerably in their homes or were displaced by circumstances–is unrelenting.

Yet, we have no other country, and fight for it we must. This is what the parents and grandparents of many of us did even before the establishment of Israel, and now it’s our turn. Our extraordinary young generation, with so many risking their lives on the battlefield, places a weighty responsibility on us, the older generation. What are we doing, as a university, and what more must we do in this crucial period?

One of our primary tasks, both last year and this year, is to do everything in our power to ensure that the reservist soldiers studying with us, as well as students who are spouses of soldiers, can complete the academic year successfully. Last year, we provided financial, academic, and emotional support and we will continue to do so this year as well. The emergency fund we established with the help of friends of the university in Israel and around the world has greatly assisted us in this endeavor.

Second, we succeeded last year in containing tensions on campus triggered by the war while maintaining a democratic space and protecting the human and civil rights of everyone. Members of our university community, Jews and Arabs, left-leaning and right-leaning, are equally dear to us. Open and free discussion on any topic is the essence of academia, and we will uphold this principle this year as well.

Third, a primary mission we are focused on is bringing as many Israeli researchers studying abroad back to Tel Aviv University as we have done in previous years. These researchers represent the next generation of academia; they embody the scientific and humanistic pursuits without which we have no future. Israel may seem less attractive to some of them at present, but I am confident that we will weather this crisis and emerge stronger.

Fourth, the growing boycott of Israeli academia worldwide (BDS) affects us all. Universities across the country have united and are working collaboratively to mitigate the impact of the boycott through legal and other means. We’ve had some successes, but there is still a long way to go.

Fifth, from October 7 to this day, the university–as an institution and as a community–has been involved in numerous volunteer activities. Days after October 7, our community members volunteered in the South and North, both in their areas of expertise and in agriculture and other manual work. We will continue to do so this coming year, hopefully in collaboration with local authorities in the South and North. A few months after the war broke out, we established the Post-Trauma Center, treating hundreds of people, both civilians and soldiers. Here, too, the generous financial support of our friends in Israel and abroad has been invaluable.

Sixth, we will continue to defend academic freedom and the autonomy of universities in Israel against those who seek to harm them. Academic freedom is essential for free thought, intellectually challenging education, and groundbreaking research. Without these, we will become a third-world country. I assure you that I will protect our academic freedom as one of my most cherished values.

These are the special missions that characterize this period. But equally important: last year, we carried on teaching and doing research as if – or almost as if – there were no war. We, the university and Israel as a whole, do not have the privilege to stop “producing” doctors, engineers, psychologists, social workers, scientists, and humanist intellectuals. Nor do we have the privilege to stop advancing research. This is the source of our resilience, the safeguard of our future, and we cannot forsake it, not in times of peace and certainly not in times of war.

I thank you all – academic and administrative staff – for your hard work this past year to meet the challenges we set for ourselves, and our friends in Israel and abroad – for your generous support of the University and Israel. And to you, our students – thank you for your patience with us. We are doing our utmost so that you derive the maximum benefit, and hopefully some enjoyment, from studying at Tel Aviv University.

I wish you a successful year, and may peace and tranquility return to our land. May the hostages come back, the wounded heal, and the displaced return to their homes.

Yours always,

Ariel Porat

TAU President

TAU Breakthrough Reveals Mechanism That Eliminates Tumors

Written by Hilary on 3 November 2024. Posted in Newsroom.

Researchers identified a mechanism that eliminates tumors—even those resistant to immunotherapy.

A technological breakthrough by medical researchers at Tel Aviv University enabled the discovery of a cancer mechanism that prevents the immune system from attacking tumors. The researchers were surprised to find that reversing this mechanism stimulates the immune system to fight the cancer cells, even in types of cancer considered resistant to prevailing forms of immunotherapy. The breakthrough was led by Prof. Carmit Levy, Prof. Yaron Carmi, and PhD student Avishai Maliah from TAU’s Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences. The paper was published in the leading journal Nature Communications.

Prof. Levy: “It all happened by coincidence. My lab studies both cancer and the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun on our skin and body – both of which are known to suppress the immune system. Cancer suppresses approaching immune cells and solar radiation suppresses the skin’s immune system. While in most cases, we cancer researchers worldwide focus on the tumor and look for mechanisms by which cancer inhibits the immune system, here we proposed a different approach: investigating how UV exposure suppresses the immune system and applying our findings to cancer. The discovery of a mechanism that inhibits the immune system opens new paths for innovative therapies”.

What Surprising Findings Emerged from the Research?

Prof. Levy adds: “With this idea in mind, I asked my colleague Prof. Yaron Carmi, a global expert on the immune system, to join the study. Avishai Maliah, an MD/PhD candidate in my lab, led the project. The first stage was a comprehensive investigation of changes in the skin induced by exposure to UV, using a mouse model. Avishai examined the behavior of dozens of proteins post-UV exposure and surprisingly discovered a significant rise in the level of a relatively unexplored protein called Ly6a. This unexpected finding led us to investigate further, to understand the protein function and whether it is involved in the immune suppression process”.

Prof. Carmi explains: “It’s important to understand a basic aspect of the immune system’s function. Our natural immune system is very efficient and very powerful, but it contains quite a few brakes and controls, to prevent overactivity that can cause autoimmune diseases – in which the body attacks itself. When our skin is exposed to UV radiation from the sun, our immune system responds immediately: blood vessels expand, DNA is repaired wherever possible, and cells with mutations are identified and removed. At the same time, a strong control system with numerous brakes is also activated to prevent overactivity”.

How Does UV Exposure Affect Immune Response?

Prof. Levy: “The use of sunlight to suppress autoimmune diseases of the skin – when the skin’s immune system overreacts – has been known for years. Phototherapy is basically the application of UV radiation to treat patients with autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, vitiligo and more, because ultimately UV suppresses the skin’s immune system”.

Avishai Maliah: “We found that after exposure to UV radiation, the immune system’s T cells – that play a critical role in fighting cancer – begin to express high levels of the protein Ly6a. We suspected that Ly6a serves as a brake through which UV inhibits the immune system, and that by releasing this brake, optimal activation of the immune system might be resumed”.

Prof. Levy: “We were surprised to discover that this protein, Ly6a, is also overexpressed in cancer tumors – apparently inhibiting T cells. Having found this in two types of cancer, melanoma skin cancer and colon cancer, we have reason to believe that the same thing happens in other cancers as well. Evidently, we have discovered a general mechanism through which cancer tumors desensitize the immune system. Avishai treated cancer with Ly6a antibodies, and amazingly the tumors were significantly reduced. Moreover, cancers resistant to known treatments reacted substantially to Ly6a antibodies”. The new discovery can have practical implications in immunotherapy – treating cancer by enhancing the response of the immune system.

Prof. Carmi: “Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, about 50% of the patients do not respond to the currently prevailing treatment – the protein PD1. We discovered a new protein, Ly6a, and found that its antibody eradicated tumors in our model animals – even those resistant to PD1 therapy. We are currently working to translate our findings into a drug for human cancer patients, hoping to offer an effective new treatment”.

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