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What Happens When the Brain Learns Two Behaviors at Once?

TAU researchers reveal the brain resolves conflict by blocking dual learning.

A new study from Tel Aviv University could reshape our scientific understanding of how humans learn and form memories, particularly through classical and operant conditioning. The research team found that our brain engages in fierce competition between these two learning systems and that only one can prevail at any given time. If we try to learn two conflicting actions for the same situation simultaneously, the result will be confusion, making it difficult to perform either action when re-encountering the situation. In their study, the researchers demonstrated this phenomenon in fruit flies. When the flies were trained to associate a smell with a randomly delivered electric shock (classical conditioning) and also to connect their actions to the smell and shock (operant conditioning), the flies became confused and failed to exhibit a clear response to the shock.

The intriguing research was led by Prof. Moshe Parnas and PhD student Eyal Rozenfeld from the Laboratory for Neural Circuits and Olfactory Perception at Tel Aviv University’s Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences. The findings were published in the prestigious journal Science Advances.

The researchers explain that humans learn in a variety of ways. A well-known example of learning is Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment, where a dog learns to associate the sound of a bell with food. This type of learning is called classical conditioning and involves passive associations between two stimuli. On the other hand, humans can also learn from their own actions: if a specific action produces a positive outcome, we learn to repeat it, and if it harms us, we learn to avoid it. This type of learning is called operant conditioning and involves active behavior.

Freeze or flee? Cracking the brain’s decision code

For many years, scientists believed that these types of memory work together in the brain. But what happens if the two memories dictate conflicting actions? For instance, mice can be trained to fear a certain smell using both conditioning methods, but their responses will differ depending on which method is employed. Under classical conditioning, the mice will freeze in place, while under operant conditioning, they will flee. What happens if both memories are present simultaneously? Will the mice freeze, flee, or simply continue behaving as if nothing happened?

In a unique study conducted on fruit flies (Drosophila), researchers at Tel Aviv University discovered that the brain cannot learn using both classical and operant conditioning simultaneously. The brain actively suppresses the formation of both types of memories at the same time, using this strategy to determine which behavior to execute. During the experiment, the researchers taught the flies to associate a smell with an electric shock.  When classical conditioning was used flies learned to freeze when they smelled the conditioned odor. In contrast, when operant conditioning was used, flies learned to flee from the smell to avoid the electric shock. They demonstrated that the flies could not learn both lessons together and that attempts to teach both types of learning simultaneously led to no learning at all. Furthermore, they identified the brain mechanisms that prioritize one type of learning over the other.

“Our research completely changes the way we have thought for decades about how our brain learns,” explains Prof. Parnas. “You can think of the brain as engaging in a ‘mental tug-of-war’: if you focus on learning through your actions, the brain blocks the formation of automatic associations. This helps avoid confusion but also means you can’t learn two things simultaneously”.

Why multitasking makes you forget

Prof. Parnas adds: “Fruit flies have simple brains, which makes them easy to study, but their brains are surprisingly similar to those of mammals—and thus to our own. Using powerful genetic tools, the researchers gained a deep understanding of how different learning systems compete for ‘space in the brain.’ They found that the brain’s ‘navigation center’ intervenes to ensure that only one type of memory is active at any given moment, preventing clashes between the two systems. This discovery can help us understand why multitasking sometimes leads to forgetting important details”.

Eyal Rozenfeld concludes: “Not only does this discovery reshape what we know about human learning, but it could also lead to the development of new strategies for treating learning disorders. By better understanding how memories are formed in individuals with conditions like ADHD or Alzheimer’s, we might be able to create new treatments. It’s fascinating that our brain selects between different learning systems to avoid confusion—all without us even being aware of it”.

GPS for Cancer: Directing Drugs to the Tumor

A breakthrough method delivers two drugs straight to the cancer site.

Researchers at Tel Aviv University have developed a new platform using polymeric nanoparticles to deliver drug pairs to specific cancer types, including skin and breast cancer. The researchers explain that having both drugs arrive at the tumor site significantly amplifies their therapeutic effects and safety profiles.

The study was led by Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro and doctoral student Shani Koshrovski-Michael from the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at Tel Aviv University’s School of Medicine, in collaboration with other members of Prof. Satchi-Fainaro’s lab: Daniel Rodriguez Ajamil, Dr. Pradip Dey, Ron Kleiner, Dr. Yana Epshtein, Dr. Marina Green Buzhor, Rami Khoury, Dr. Sabina Pozzi, Gal Shenbach-Koltin, Dr. Eilam Yeini, and Dr. Rachel Blau. They were joined by Prof. Iris Barshack from the Department of Pathology at Tel Aviv University’s School of Medicine, Prof. Roey Amir and Shahar Tevet from the School of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University, and researchers from the Israel Institute of Biological Research, Italy, Portugal, and the Netherlands. The study was published in the prestigious journal Science Advances.

Bringing Precision to Drug Partnerships

Prof. Satchi-Fainaro explains: “Currently, cancer treatment often involves a combination of multiple drugs that work synergistically to enhance their anti-cancer effect. However, these drugs differ in their chemical and physical properties – such as their rate of degradation, their circulation time in the bloodstream, and their ability to penetrate and accumulate in the tumor. Therefore, even if multiple drugs are administered simultaneously, they don’t arrive together at the tumor, and their combined effects are not fully realized. To ensure maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity, we sought a way to deliver two drugs simultaneously and selectively to the tumor site without harming healthy organs”.

The researchers developed biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (which break down into water and carbon dioxide within one month) capable of encapsulating two different drugs that enhance each other’s activity. These nanoparticles are selectively guided to the cancer site by attaching them to sulfate groups that bind to P-selectin, a protein expressed at high levels in cancer cells as well as on new blood vessels formed by cancer cells to supply them with nutrients and oxygen.

The researchers loaded the platform with two pairs of drugs approved by the FDA: BRAF and MEK inhibitors used to treat melanoma (skin cancer) with a BRAF gene mutation (present in 50% of melanoma cases), and PARP and PD-L1 inhibitors intended for breast cancer with a BRCA gene mutation or deficiency. The novel drug delivery system was tested in two environments: in 3D cancer cell models in the lab and in animal models representing both primary tumor types (melanoma and breast cancer) and their brain metastases.

The findings showed that the nanoparticles, targeted toward P-selectin, accumulated selectively in primary tumors and did not harm healthy tissues. Furthermore, the nanoparticles successfully penetrated the blood-brain barrier, reaching metastases in the brain with precision without harming healthy brain tissue.

Additionally, the combination of two drugs delivered simultaneously was far more effective than administering the drugs separately, even at 30 times lower doses than prior preclinical studies. The nanoparticle treatment significantly reduced tumor size, prolonging time to progression by 2.5 times than standard treatments, and extended the lifespan of mice treated with the nanoparticle platform. Mice had a 2-fold higher median survival compared to those receiving the free drugs and a 3-fold longer survival compared to the untreated control group.

A New Approach to Cancer Treatment

Prof. Satchi-Fainaro summarized: “In our study, we developed an innovative platform using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles to deliver pairs of drugs to primary tumors and metastases. We found that drug pairs delivered this way significantly enhanced their therapeutic effect in BRAF-mutated skin cancers and BRCA-mutated breast cancers and their brain metastases. Since our platform is versatile by design, it can transport many different drug pairs that enhance each other’s effects, thereby improving treatment for a variety of primary tumors and metastases expressing the P-selectin protein, such as glioblastoma (brain cancer), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma”.

The project received competitive research grants from Fundación “La Caixa”, the Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA), the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), and the Israel Cancer Research Fund (ICRF). It is also part of a broader research effort in Prof. Satchi-Fainaro’s lab supported by an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council (ERC), ERC Proof of Concept (PoC), EU Innovative Training Networks (ITN), and the Kahn Foundation.

TAU Student Team Wins Gold at Prestigious IGEM Competition

Develops groundbreaking cancer treatment and files patent.

The student team from Tel Aviv University (TAU) achieved a remarkable milestone by winning a gold medal at the prestigious IGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine) competition held recently in Paris. This renowned competition focuses on synthetic biology. The team conducted pioneering research aimed at developing a treatment for patients with currently incurable cancers, thereby introducing a new dimension to cancer therapy. They have also filed a patent application for their innovative work.

About IGEM

IGEM is a global competition in synthetic biology where teams conceptualize innovative ideas to address challenges in the field. These ideas are then realized through a combination of engineering, biological, and computational tools, akin to a startup development process. The judging panel consists of researchers and scientists with expertise in the field, many of whom are past IGEM participants or mentors. This year, over 400 teams from around the world competed.

Tailored and Engineered Cancer Therapies for Terminal Patients

This year, TAU’s IGEM team included outstanding students from diverse disciplines such as engineering, life sciences, medicine, and exact sciences. Working together, they conducted advanced research in synthetic biology. The team’s groundbreaking development, showcased in the competition, is an innovative method called Precise RNA Oncotherapy (PROtech). This approach enables the design of personalized cancer therapies for patients with currently incurable cancers.

The project aims to provide tailored treatments even for patients whose cancer cell mutations do not alter protein structures. Current treatments rely on identifying cancer cells based on altered proteins, making this a revolutionary approach with immense potential. The development incorporates advanced computational models with enhanced performance compared to prior leading research, and the team is working on a groundbreaking paper in the field.

Overcoming Challenges

Professor Tamir Tuller, the academic advisor of the team from TAU’s Faculty of Engineering, shared: “This past year was especially challenging. We began our work in November despite the academic year being delayed until January. Many team members were on military reserve duty, and there was significant uncertainty about our ability to complete the project on time”.

Promoting Synthetic Biology to High School Students

In addition to their research, the team aimed to make synthetic biology accessible to high school students across Israel. They organized a national synthetic biology competition for high school students and contributed to establishing a synthetic biology program within the ORT high school network, with plans to train hundreds of students in the coming year.

Interest from Biotech and Pharma Companies

“Our development has already sparked significant interest from biotech and pharma companies, and we’ve filed a patent application with the help of Ramot, Tel Aviv University’s technology transfer company”, Professor Tuller shared. He added: “In these challenging times, the students brought immense pride to Tel Aviv University and Israel. Beyond the gold medal, they also gained valuable academic experience and entrepreneurial skills that will benefit them in academia, industry, and society. I want to thank Startup Nation Central and TAU’s Entrepreneurship Center for the excellent training they provided our students in entrepreneurship”.

TAU’s IGEM 2024 Team Members:

  • Shani Elimelech (Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Gal Schwartz (Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Daniel Ben Harosh (Fleischman Faculty of Engineering).
  • Rotem Gal (Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Oren Ben Moshe (Faculty of Exact Sciences).
  • Netanel Erlich (Faculty of Exact Sciences, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Peleg Bezek (Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Tal Shemesh (Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Nav Zvi (Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences).
  • Yoni Klein (Wise Faculty of Life Sciences).
  • Itay Fabian (Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences)
  • Marana Abboud (Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences).

Investing in the Academic Entrepreneurs behind Israel’s Innovation

Doctoral fellowships enable Tel Aviv University STEM students to make groundbreaking discoveries

Firewalls, pillcams, Flexible Stents, Mobileye, and Iron Dome are just a few examples of Israeli innovation at its very best—discoveries made by Israeli researchers that have strengthened the nation’s economy and security while benefiting millions of people around the world. 

At Tel Aviv University (TAU), innovation depends not only on the talented members of our faculty ranks but also on the thousands of PhD students working under their guidance and in their labs. TAU’s doctoral students bring to their studies everything positive that Israel stands for: brainpower, determination, creativity, social consciousness, and even a bit of chutzpah. 

“In many ways, these driven young people are academic entrepreneurs, taking intellectual risks that lead the world toward new and enriching heights.”

If Israel is to continue its role as one of the key engines driving global technological and scientific innovation, it must support its gifted young researchers on their path to excellence and discovery,” explains TAU President, Prof. Ariel Porat. 

“These students are the backbone of our progress. Providing them with fellowships is the best way of supporting them—it guarantees us the next generation of exceptional scientists, fueling discoveries that will shape the technological landscape,” he adds.


Fellowships carry great significance for recipients. For doctoral students, fellowships can be the key factor in deciding to stay in academia, especially when salaried jobs look much more enticing compared to the constant financial struggle of advanced study. 

“Whereas undergraduates are generally younger and unmarried, graduate students often have families to support. Additionally, research at the doctoral level is rigorous and demands a high degree of concentration and absorption, making working outside of studies unfeasible and counterproductive to the goal at hand,” explains Professor Tova Milo, Dean of TAU’s Exact Sciences Faculty. “Especially in STEM subjects, which usually require experimental laboratory work, the commitment asked of students is huge.”  

Optimizing Cancer Diagnostics


Amy Altshuler, a TAU doctoral student in Chemistry, says the fellowship she receives is a major factor in enabling her to move forward in her research. “The support allows me to dedicate my time and energy to my studies and research, without the need to take on a job. It also enables me to participate in academic conferences and collaborate with fellow researchers – which is crucial for my success and professional growth.”

Altshuler researches DNA microarrays, which are tools for quickly analyzing genetic changes. “These microarrays can help us understand and detect DNA changes linked to diseases like cancer. I aim to use these tools to optimize cancer diagnosis methods so that they are much faster,” she says. 

Altshuler, who grew up in Rishon LeZyon,  was passionate about the world of science since she studied chemistry in high school.  “My love for solving challenging puzzles led me to pursue scientific research. My grandfather was ill with cancer and passed away, and his death made me realize this is the field where I want to make a real difference,” she says. 

Ensuring Ethical AI

Adi Haviv, a PhD student in Computer Science, similarly affirms that her research demands her full attention.

“It would have been impossible for me to return to academia without the support I received from the University,” she says.

 

Adi Haviv, a TAU PhD student in Computer Scinece.

Haviv researches the decision-making processes in advanced AI models intending to ensure that AI is used ethically, for the benefit of society. She is exploring this area from an interdisciplinary perspective, collaborating with scholars in the legal field. “I was driven by my desire for a deeper understanding of the AI field, as well as a commitment to advancing responsible AI,” she says.

Haviv decided to return to TAU and pursue this research after several years in industry, where she worked as a team leader at eBay in New York. “From young age, I was fascinated by computers, and at the age of 14 I wrote my first lines of code. From there I was lucky to develop my passion into the research that I’m conducting today,” she says. 

Harnessing the Power of Gene TherapyAnother scientific “entrepreneur” striving to bring about a breakthrough in his field is Omer Azar, a doctoral student in a competitive Kadar MD-PhD Fellowship Program. 

 

Omer Azar, a TAU MD-PhD student in the Kadar Program.

 “My highest ambition is to become a physician and a researcher, with the tools and know-how to positively impact the lives of others. My fellowship plays a pivotal role in allowing me to focus on my research as much as I do,” Azar, who is the 29-year old and originally from Ramat Hasharon explains. 

Azar’s lab work revolves around the genetic editing of CAR-T cells, which redirects the natural T-cell’s killing capacity against cancer cells and is already saving the lives of patients with certain lymphomas. Azar is developing ways to implement the success of CAR-T cell therapy in treating hematological cancers to other cancer types. His research could “unlock” CAR-T therapy’s potential for many other malignancies, enabling a new, highly effective treatment. 

“The experiences I’ve had in the Air Force during my military service helped me conclude that what I want to do with my life is to pursue research, but to also physically help people and interact with others – a combination which could be found exemplified in the medical field,“ he concludes.

Securing Israel’s lead  

“Graduate fellowships in STEM are not only investments in individual academic excellence, but also in Israel’s future resilience and prosperity, believes Prof. Karen Avraham, Dean of TAU’s Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences.

“By fostering scientific innovation, we strengthen the country’s economic foundation, enhance its social fabric, and safeguard its security,” she says.

“In these challenging times, ensuring Israel’s leadership in science and technology is more crucial than ever. We must invest in our extraordinary human resources. We must support STEM doctoral fellows on their difficult, essential and rewarding path,” Avraham concludes. 

 

 

TAU Researchers Win Rousseeuw Prize from King Baudouin Foundation

The prestigious prize recognizes TAU innovations in statistical science.

On Dec. 3 the King Baudouin Foundation in Belgium awarded the prestigious Rousseeuw Prize in Statistics to Prof. Yoav Benjamini, Prof. Daniel Yekutieli, and Prof. Ruth Heller from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research at Tel Aviv University for their pioneering work on the False Discovery Rate (FDR). The $1 million prize, established as an equivalent of the Nobel Prize which does not include mathematical disciplines, recognizes outstanding contributions in statistics that profoundly impact science and society.

The ceremony was held at the Catholic University of Leuven, where protests by students and faculty members have called for a full academic boycott of Israeli universities. Outside the building where the ceremony took place, students distributed flyers advocating for a comprehensive boycott, similar to the policies adopted by other Belgian universities. Prof. Benjamini delivered a speech at the ceremony, emphasizing the importance of science as a bridge between societies. He called for the preservation of scientific collaborations, avoidance of boycotts, and protection of science from political interference. He also shared the story of the brutal kidnapping and murder of family friend Carmel Gat, noting the ongoing protests in support of a deal to release hostages and end the war, so far to no avail.

The prize was awarded to the researchers for their work enabling the scanning of numerous experimental results to identify meaningful findings while limiting the number of false discoveries.  In their groundbreaking paper, Prof. Yoav Benjamini and the late Prof. Yosef Hochberg introduced the False Discovery Rate criterion. They expressed it mathematically, proposing a method to maximize the number of identified discoveries while maintaining a desirable FDR. Initially clashing with prevailing criteria, their paper remained unpublished for years, but today it is among the most cited papers in science. Prof. Yekutieli and Prof. Heller, former students of Prof. Benjamini, have continued to innovate and expand the FDR methodology independently and collaboratively. Their work has extended the applicability of the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR approach beyond the original paper, enabling its use for challenges in genomics and neuroscience and proposing methods to assess the reproducibility of scientific findings.

Prof. Yoav Benjamini commented: “The idea of the FDR originated from the need of medical researchers to examine numerous factors indicating treatment success. However, in statistics, once a new method is established in one research area, its impact can expand to others. Indeed, FDR methods are now widely applied in diverse fields such as genomics—where relations between tens of thousands of genetic markers of a specific disease are examined; neuroscience – testing which regions in the brain are activated when a certain task, such as face recognition, is performed; agriculture, economics, behavioral sciences, astronomy, and more. What these fields share is the need to scan massive amounts of possible results within mountains of data to identify significant discoveries”.

Prof. Dan Peer Elected Fellow of the US National Academy of Inventors

TAU researcher receives top honor for innovation.

Prof. Dan Peer Vice President of R&D at Tel Aviv University was elected as a Fellow of the United States National Academy of Inventors (NAI). The appointment to the rank of NAI Fellow is the highest recognition given by the Academy, awarded to innovators whose inventions have had a decisive impact on quality of life, economic development, and social welfare.

The National Academy of Inventors counts over 1850 Fellows in 260 different institutions globally. The National Academy of Inventors was established in 2010 to recognize and encourage inventions covered by US patents.

Prof. Peer is a trailblazing scientist and a pioneer in harnessing RNA molecules as molecular drugs. His groundbreaking research focuses on developing RNA-based therapies to treat a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, cancers of the blood, brain, and ovaries, and rare genetic disorders. Prof. Peer also explores the potential of RNA molecules as vaccines for infectious diseases and designs nanometric drug carriers capable of selectively targeting specific cells.

Among his many achievements, Prof. Peer and his lab were the first in the world to demonstrate systemic delivery of mRNA molecules in animals, as well as the use of short RNA sequences to silence genes in immune cells. Recently, his lab became the first to develop an mRNA vaccine against bacteria. Additionally, his team was the first to demonstrate efficient, systemic, and cell-specific gene delivery in cancer.

Prof. Dan Peer.

In addition to his innovative research, Prof. Peer serves in several leading positions: TAU’s VP of R&D, a member of the National Academy of Engineering (USA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Over the years, he has contributed to numerous groundbreaking inventions, with over 145 patents filed. Many of these have been commercialized through Ramot and licensed to various companies, some of which are currently in clinical trials. He has also founded several startups in Israel, the UK, and the USA.

NAI Fellow Selection Committee: “This prestigious honor recognizes Prof. Peer’s exceptional achievements as an inventor — his contributions have made a significant impact on innovation, economic development, and society’s welfare. Prof. Dan Peer’s election to the rank of Fellow reflects not only his accomplishments but also his dedication to advancing technology and fostering invention for the benefit of society”.

Prof. Peer: “I am very touched by the recognition of my work. The United States National Academy of Inventors is one of the most prominent bodies dedicated to encouraging inventors in academia, which gathers under its roof the best inventors, and the decision to choose me as a fellow is a great honor for me”.

Is This the Birthplace of Religious Rituals?

A rare discovery of early rituals in the levant.

A rare prehistoric ritual complex has been uncovered in the darkest depths of Manot Cave in Western Galilee, Israel. The complex is enclosed naturally by impressive stalagmites that create a distinctive entrance to the site and feature a unique and impressive rock with geometric engravings resembling a turtle shell. The study of this complex, published in the journal PNAS, was led by Dr. Omry Barzilai from the University of Haifa and Israel Antiquities Authority, Prof. Ofer Marder from Ben-Gurion University, and Prof. Israel Hershkovitz from Tel Aviv University.

“The rare discovery provides a glimpse into the spiritual world of Paleolithic hunter-gatherer groups who lived in our region approximately 35,000 years ago. The engraved rock was deliberately placed in a niche in the deepest, darkest part of the cave. The turtle-shell design, carved on a three-dimensional object, indicates that it may have represented a totem or a mythological or spiritual figure. Its special location, far from the daily activity areas near the cave entrance, suggests it was an object of worship. Notably, there are prehistoric caves in Western Europe, with similar findings testifying these places held symbolic importance and served for ritual and communal activities”, said Dr. Barzilai.

Research team (Left to right): Prof. Ofer Marder, Prof. Israel Hershkovitz & Dr. Omry Barzilai. Photo credit: Dr. Omry Barzilai.

Manot Cave has been excavated systematically since 2010 by the Israel Antiquities Authority, Tel Aviv University, and Ben-Gurion University. The cave is particularly well-known for its stunning stalactites and remains of habitation from several prehistoric cultures of the Upper Paleolithic period. Among its notable discoveries is a 55,000-year-old modern human skull, the oldest modern human fossil found outside Africa.

Ancient Rituals That Shaped Early Societies

In the course of study of the deep complex study, the researchers uncovered ash remains in one of the stalagmite rings near the engraved rock, confirming the use of fire to illuminate the ritual space, likely with torches. Acoustic tests revealed that the complex has enhanced natural acoustics, which could have created a unique auditory experience for communal activities such as prayer, singing, and dancing. Prof. Hershkovitz: “This is an unprecedented discovery of a space with ‘audio-visual equipment’ centered around a ritual object (the turtle), constituting the first evidence of communal rituals in the Levant. It is no surprise that prehistoric hunters chose to conduct their rituals in the darkest part of Manot Cave, as darkness embodies sacred and hidden qualities, symbolizing rebirth and renewal. Establishing ritual centers during the Upper Paleolithic was a central element in the development and institutionalization of collective identity — a necessary stage in the transition from small, isolated hunter-gatherer groups based on blood ties between individuals to large, complex societies”.

The chronological age of the ritual complex in Manot Cave was dated to 35,000–37,000 years ago, a period associated with the sudden emergence of the Aurignacian culture, known in Europe for its symbolic objects and cave paintings. “In our excavations in Manot Cave, we uncovered rich Aurignacian layers near the cave entrance that included flint tools, bone and antler implements, and shell beads”, said Prof. Ofer Marder from Ben-Gurion University.

In a small, hidden chamber adjacent to the ritual complex, a complete deer antler with signs of use was discovered. “Antlers were used as raw material for crafting tools for various purposes by Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe, and by the Aurignacian culture in the Levant. The placement of the deer antler in a hidden chamber adjacent to the ritual site may be connected to the ritual activities in the cave”, explained Dr. Barzilai.

A deer beam from the hidden hall in Manot Cave (Photo credit: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority).

The geometric engravings found on the turtle shell-shaped rock were scanned with a unique confocal microscope capable of capturing extremely thin horizontal sections. “We identified fine micro-linear scratches inside some of the grooves, confirming without a doubt that the engravings are the work of human hands. These carvings are evidence of our ancestors’ artistic skills and their deep connection to rituals and symbols”, said Prof. Rachel Sarig from the Dental Medicine Laboratory at Tel Aviv University, who conducted the scans.

A turtle shell-shaped rock with geometric carvings (Photo credit: Clara Amit, Israel Antiquities Authority).

The researchers also conducted 3D photographic mapping of the cave. “We found a clear separation between the ritual complex and the areas of regular activity at the cave entrance. This observation strengthens the hypothesis about the significance of the complex and the need to differentiate it from the areas where daily activity took place”, said Alexander Wigman from the Israel Antiquities Authority.

According to the researchers, the discovery of the ritual complex in Manot Cave sheds new light on the spiritual life of the Upper Paleolithic people in the Levant. “This research enriches our understanding of prehistoric humans, their symbolic world, and the nature of the worship rituals that connected ancient communities. Identifying communal rituals in the Paleolithic era marks a breakthrough in our understanding of human society and offers more than just a glimpse into ancient ritual practices. It reveals the central role of rituals and symbols in shaping collective identity and strengthening social bonds”, the researchers concluded.

The Manot Cave project is supported by the Dan David Foundation, the Israel Science Foundation, the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, the Irene Levi Sala CARE Archaeological Foundation, and the Leakey Foundation. The research involved experts from the Israel Antiquities Authority, Cleveland State University, the Geological Survey of Israel, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the University of Haifa, Tel Aviv University, Ben-Gurion University, the University of Vienna, the University of Barcelona, the University of Siena, and Simon Fraser University.

TAU Discovery Decodes a Rare Neurological Disease

This breakthrough could pave the way for neurological treatments.

Researchers at Tel Aviv University have developed an innovative research model that allowed them to decode the mechanism underlying a severe and rare neurological disease. The disease is characterized by symptoms such as epilepsy, developmental delay, and intellectual disability.

According to the researchers: “Decoding the disease mechanism is a critical step toward developing treatments targeting specific cellular functions for this disease and other conditions with similar mechanisms affecting cellular energy production”.

The research was led by Tel Aviv University’s Prof. Abdussalam Azem, Dean of the Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, in collaboration with Prof. Uri Ashery and PhD student Eyal Paz from the School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics at the Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and the Sagol School of Neuroscience. Additional contributors included Dr. Sahil Jain and Dr. Irit Gottfried from the School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics at Tel Aviv University, Dr. Orna Staretz-Chacham from the Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University, Dr. Muhammad Mahajnah from the Technion, and researchers from Emory University in Atlanta, USA. The findings were published in the prominent journal eLife.

TIMM50 Mutation Linked to Rare Brain Disorders

Prof. Azem explains: “The disease we studied is caused by a mutation in a protein called TIMM50, which plays a crucial role in importing other proteins into the mitochondria—the organelle considered the cell’s energy powerhouse. The human mitochondria operate with about 1,500 proteins (approximately 10% of all human proteins), but only about 13 of them are produced within the mitochondria itself. The rest are imported externally through various mechanisms. In recent years, mutations in the TIMM50 protein, which is responsible for importing about 800 proteins into the mitochondria, were found to cause severe and rare neurological disease with symptoms like epilepsy, developmental delay, and intellectual disability”.

Prof. Ashery adds: “Protein import into the mitochondria has been extensively studied over the years, but how a mutation in TIMM50 affects brain cells was never tested before. To investigate this for the first time, we created an innovative model using mouse neurons that mimics the disease caused by the TIMM50 protein mutation. In this study, we significantly reduced the expression of the protein in mouse brain cells and observed its impact on the cells”.

How Does a Protein Defect Link Energy Loss to Epilepsy?

Eyal Paz explains: “The impairment of the protein led to two main findings: a reduction in energy production in the neurons, which could explain the developmental issues seen in the disease and an increase in the frequency of action potentials (the electrical signals that transmit information along neurons and enable communication between them). This increase in action potential frequency is known to be associated with epilepsy. The change in frequency is likely caused by significant damage to two proteins that function as potassium channels. Imbalances in potassium levels can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and muscle weakness, potentially leading to paralysis. These potassium channels may serve as potential targets for future drug treatments for the disease”.

Prof. Azem concludes: “Our study decodes the mechanism of a severe and rare neurological disease caused by a mutation in a protein critical for importing proteins into the mitochondria. Understanding the mechanism is a crucial step toward treatment, as it enables the development of drugs targeting the specific issues identified. Additionally, we created a new research model based on mouse neurons that significantly advances the study of protein import into mitochondria in brain cells. We believe that our findings, combined with the innovative model, will enable more in-depth research and the development of treatments for various neurological diseases caused by similar mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms”.

How Can Songwriting and AI Transform Education?

Encouraging independent learning through an AI songwriting competition.

The Jaime and Joan Constantiner School of Education at Tel Aviv University recently hosted the SRL-VISION Competition, a groundbreaking event focused on creating songs using generative AI to explore innovative ways of fostering independent learning in education. This unique initiative was part of a course led by Prof. Anat Cohen, aiming to merge self-regulated learning (SRL) with the creative potential of generative AI tools. Students delved into research literature, developed practical ideas, and transformed them into imaginative songs.

And the Winner Is: “Positive Reinforcement”

The winning song, “Positive Reinforcement,” was chosen by a majority vote among the students. It emphasizes the importance of providing positive reinforcement in independent learning—benefiting both learners and educators.

This creative competition was part of the EffecTive Project, a collaborative initiative involving European universities to design programs that strengthen digital skills for teachers and teaching students. Guy Cohen, a PhD candidate assisting with the course, highlighted its purpose: “Our goal is to equip teachers and students with the tools they need to thrive in today’s digital world”.

Prof. Cohen elaborated: “The primary aim of this course is to promote meaningful and innovative learning through critical thinking and AI-driven tools. Students actively engage in exploring the strengths and challenges of these technologies while developing creative approaches to teaching and learning.”

תחרות SRL VISION הראשונה

The first-ever SRL-VISION competition.

What Can Locusts Teach Us About Efficiency in Design?

Research shows locusts’ digging valves are built just right for their task.

Researchers at Tel Aviv University examined the mechanical wear of digging valves located at the tip of the female locust’s abdomen, used to dig pits for laying eggs 3 to 4 times during her lifetime. They found that, unlike organs with remarkably high wear resistance, such as the mandible (lower jaw), the valves wear down substantially due to intensive digging.

The researchers: “This is an instructive example of the ‘good enough’ principle in nature. Evolution saw no need to invest extra energy and resources in an organ with a specific purpose that performs its function adequately. We, humans, who often invest excessive resources in engineered systems, can learn much from nature”.

The study was led by Dr. Bat-El Pinchasik from the School of Mechanical Engineering and Prof. Amir Ayali from the School of Zoology at the Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, the Sagol School of Neuroscience and the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History at Tel Aviv University. Other participants included: PhD student Shai Sonnenreich from TAU’s School of Mechanical Engineering, as well as researchers from the Technical University of Dresden in Germany, Prof. Yael Politi and a postdoc in her group, Dr. Andre Eccel Vellwock. The article was published in the prestigious journal Advanced Functional Materials.

Left to right: Prof. Amir Ayali, Dr. Bat-El Pinchasik & PhD student Shai Sonnenreich.

Dr. Pinchasik: “In my lab, we study mechanical mechanisms in nature, partly to draw inspiration for solving technological problems. Recently we collaborated with locust expert Prof. Amir Ayali in a series of studies, to understand the mechanism used by the female locust for digging a pit to lay her eggs. This unique mechanism consists of two shovel-like valves that open and close cyclically, digging into the soil while pressing the sand against the walls”.

Prof. Ayali: “We know that many mechanisms in the bodies of insects in general, and locusts in particular, are exceptionally resistant to mechanical wear. For example, the locust’s mandibles, used daily for feeding, are made of a highly durable material. The digging valves, on the other hand, while subjected to substantial shear forces during digging, are used only 3 or 4 times in the female’s lifetime – when she lays eggs. In this study, we sought to discover whether these digging valves, made of hard cuticular material, were also equipped by evolution with high resistance to mechanical wear”.

To address this question, the researchers examined the digging valves in three different groups of female locusts: young females that had not yet laid eggs, mature females kept in conditions that prevented them from laying eggs – to test whether age alone causes wear and adult females that had already laid eggs 3 or 4 times. To analyze the internal structure and durability of the digging valves, the researchers used several advanced technologies: confocal microscopy, 3D fluorescent imaging, and a particle accelerator (synchrotron) in collaboration with the German team. The findings indicated significant signs of wear in the valves and a lack of elements associated with high resistance to mechanical wear. Notably, no reinforcing metal ions, typical of extremely wear-resistant biological materials, were found in the valves.

Dr. Pinchasik: “A female locust’s biological role is laying eggs three or four times in her life. In this study, we found that evolution has designed her digging valves to meet their task precisely—no more and no less. This is a wonderful example of the ‘good enough’ principle in nature: no extra resources are invested in an organ when they’re not needed”.

“As humans, we can learn much from nature – about conserving materials, energy, and resources. As engineers who develop products, we must understand the need precisely and design an accurate response, avoiding unnecessary overengineering” – Dr. Pinchasik.

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